Dealing with gamers Online choice architecture Online choice architecture What is online choice different examples have been used architecture? when determining the scope of Online choice architecture (OCA) is regulation in the area. the way in which online information For example, in the context of its is designed and presented to Online Rip-Off Tip-Off campaign, consumers to influence their the CMA states the most common decision-making process. This may harmful practices online are pressure include the ways in which search selling, hidden charges, subscription results are ordered, the number traps, and fake reviews. of steps needed to cancel a Meanwhile, the joint position paper of subscription, or whether an option is the CMA and ICO, which addresses selected by default. harmful OCA used to present choices The Competition and Markets about data processing, assesses: Authority (CMA) clarifies that ‘OCA’ is Harmful nudges: making it easy for a neutral term, as it can legitimately consumers to make inadvertent or improve user experiences, but it can ill-considered decisions. also distort free choice, confuse and coerce. There is, however, a growing Sludge: creating excessive or concern that some types of OCA can unjustified friction that makes it harm competition and consumers. difficult for the consumer to get what they want or to do as they What kind of OCA is wish. problematic? Confirmshaming: pressuring or Problematic OCA practices are shaming someone into doing sometimes referred to as ‘dark something by making them feel patterns’. However, there is no guilty or embarrassed for not exhaustive list of dark patterns or doing it. problematic OCA practices, and 108